Ming\u0259\u00e7evir D\u00f6vl\u0259t Universitetinin Fizika v\u0259 ekologiya kafedras\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259limi \u015e\u0259bn\u0259m \u0130slamova \u201cPlanetimizin \u00e7\u0259tiri \u2013 Ozon t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259si\u201d adl\u0131 m\u0259ruz\u0259sini t\u0259qdim edirik. \u00a0\u201cYa\u015f\u0131l d\u00fcnya namin\u0259 h\u0259mr\u0259ylik ili\u201d \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f m\u0259ruz\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da qeyd olunan m\u00f6vzular\u0131 \u0259hat\u0259 edir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. <\/strong>Elmi-texniki t\u0259r\u0259qqinin Yer planetin\u0259 b\u0259x\u015f etdiyi “t\u00f6vh\u0259”l\u0259rd\u0259n biri d\u0259 atmosfer havas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si problemidir. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunan havan\u0131n keyfiyy\u0259tinin insan sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti vard\u0131r. Atmosfer havas\u0131n\u0131n keyfiyy\u0259tinin h\u0259m d\u0259 dig\u0259r canl\u0131lar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, h\u0259tta cans\u0131z al\u0259m \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fch\u00fcm rolu vard\u0131r. Memarl\u0131q abid\u0259l\u0259rinin eroziyas\u0131, metal m\u0259mulatlar\u0131n\u0131n korroziyas\u0131, me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin m\u0259hv olmas\u0131, k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rrufat\u0131 m\u0259hsullar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259l\u0259f olmas\u0131 havan\u0131n \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 xeyli s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259nir. Atmosfer havas\u0131na z\u0259r\u0259rli v\u0259 z\u0259h\u0259rli madd\u0259l\u0259r 2 m\u0259nb\u0259d\u0259n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. Atmosferin t\u0259bii \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259 m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259ri \u2013 vulkan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrm\u0259l\u0259ri, bataql\u0131qlar, me\u015f\u0259 yan\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131, toz f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131, suxurlar\u0131n k\u00fcl\u0259k il\u0259 da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 prosesl\u0259ri, \u00fczvi madd\u0259l\u0259rin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Atmosferin t\u0259bii \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259 m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259ri ad\u0259t\u0259n faci\u0259li xarakter da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r. Vulkan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrm\u0259l\u0259ri zaman\u0131 atmosfer\u0259 \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck miqdarda qazlar, su buxarlar\u0131, b\u0259rk hiss\u0259cikl\u0259r, k\u00fcl v\u0259 tozlar at\u0131l\u0131r. Vulkan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrm\u0259l\u0259rinin s\u00f6nm\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 atmosferd\u0259 qazlar\u0131n \u00fcmumi balans\u0131 t\u0259dric\u0259n b\u0259rpa olunur. 1912-ci ild\u0259 Alyaskada Katmay vulkan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrm\u0259si zaman\u0131 havaya 20 mlrd. tona q\u0259d\u0259r toz at\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r ki, o da uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t havada saxlanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 1991-ci ild\u0259 Filippind\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259n Pinatubo vulkan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrm\u0259si atmosfer\u0259 20 mln.ton k\u00fck\u00fcrd 4-oksidinin at\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fay\u0259t olunmu\u015fdur. Vulkan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrm\u0259l\u0259ri zaman\u0131 atmosferin istilik \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 ba\u015f verir, bel\u0259 ki, havaya g\u00fccl\u00fc q\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f madd\u0259l\u0259r at\u0131l\u0131r. Onlar\u0131n temperaturlar\u0131 \u00e7ox y\u00fcks\u0259k oldu\u011fundan \u0259trafda olan h\u0259r \u015feyi yand\u0131r\u0131rlar. B\u00f6y\u00fck me\u015f\u0259 yan\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 da atmosferi xeyli \u00e7irkl\u0259ndir\u0259 bilir. Me\u015f\u0259 yan\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 ad\u0259t\u0259n quraql\u0131q ill\u0259rind\u0259 ba\u015f verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tozlu f\u0131rt\u0131nalar g\u00fccl\u00fc k\u00fcl\u0259kl\u0259rin t\u0259siri il\u0259 yer s\u0259thind\u0259n qald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u0259n x\u0131rda hiss\u0259cikl\u0259rin (z\u0259rr\u0259cikl\u0259r) apar\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar olaraq meydana g\u0259lir. G\u00fccl\u00fc k\u00fcl\u0259kl\u0259r qas\u0131r\u011fa v\u0259 tufanlar – da\u011f suxurlar\u0131n\u0131n iri q\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 da havaya qald\u0131r\u0131rlar, lakin onlar havada uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t saxlana bilmirl\u0259r. G\u00fccl\u00fc f\u0131rt\u0131nalar zaman\u0131 atmosfer havas\u0131na 50 mln tona q\u0259d\u0259r toz hiss\u0259cikl\u0259ri d\u0259 qalx\u0131r. Tozlu f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n \u0259sas s\u0259b\u0259bi quraql\u0131qlar, quru v\u0259 isti k\u00fcl\u0259kl\u0259r (qara yel) olur; onlara intensiv \u015fumlanma, mal-qara otar\u0131lmas\u0131, me\u015f\u0259 v\u0259 kolluqlar\u0131n m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da s\u0259b\u0259b ola bilir. Tozlu tufanlar \u0259n \u00e7ox d\u00fcz\u0259ngah, yar\u0131md\u00fcz\u0259ngah v\u0259 s\u0259hralar olan rayonlarda ba\u015f verir. Vulkan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrm\u0259l\u0259ri, me\u015f\u0259 yan\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 v\u0259 toz tufanlar\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olan f\u0259lak\u0259tli hadis\u0259l\u0259r Yer \u0259traf\u0131nda i\u015f\u0131qqoruyucu ekran\u0131n \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olur ki, bu da planetin istilik balans\u0131n\u0131 qism\u0259n d\u0259yi\u015fdirir. B\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fckd\u0259 bu hadis\u0259l\u0259r g\u00f6z\u0259 \u00e7arpan, lakin atmosfer \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259n yerli effekt\u0259 malik olurlar. Atmosfer havas\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nmalar (k\u00fcl\u0259k t\u0259siri il\u0259 da\u011f\u0131lmalar) v\u0259 \u00fczvi madd\u0259l\u0259rin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 tamamil\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tsiz yerli xarakter da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Atmosferin s\u00fcni (antropogen) \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259 m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259ri s\u0259naye v\u0259 istilik-elektrik m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259ri, n\u0259qliyyat, m\u0259nzill\u0259rin isidilm\u0259 sisteml\u0259ri, k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131, m\u0259i\u015f\u0259t tullant\u0131lar\u0131. Bunlar \u00f6z n\u00f6vb\u0259sind\u0259 2 qrupa b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr: stasionar (S\u0259naye m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259ri) qeyri-staionar (n\u0259qliyyat v\u0259 h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259td\u0259 olan m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r). B\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fckd\u0259 bu m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n havaya g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n z\u0259r\u0259rli t\u0259sirl\u0259ri 4 qrupa b\u00f6lm\u0259k olar<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. Tozlar;<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. \u00dczvi v\u0259 qeyri-\u00fczvi qazlar;<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Radioaktiv madd\u0259l\u0259r ;<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. \u0130stilik enerjisi il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar t\u0259sirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Atmosferin s\u00fcni \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259 m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259ri atmosfer \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn daha t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li hesab olunur. Aqreqat hal\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn antropogen m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li \u00e7irkl\u0259ndirici madd\u0259l\u0259r b\u0259rk, maye v\u0259 qaz\u015f\u0259killi olmaqla 3 yer\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr. Atmosfer\u0259 at\u0131lan \u00e7irkl\u0259ndirici madd\u0259l\u0259rin \u00fcmumi miqdar\u0131n\u0131n 90%-i qaz\u015f\u0259killi \u00e7irkl\u0259ndiricil\u0259rin pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Z\u0259r\u0259rli madd\u0259l\u0259rin yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131 probleml\u0259r planetin atmosferin\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rdiyi t\u0259sirin miqyas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 iki qrupa b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. qlobal probleml\u0259r;<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. lokal yaxud m\u0259h\u0259lli probleml\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Qlobal probleml\u0259r atmosferd\u0259 qazlar\u0131n v\u0259 tozlar\u0131n qat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 il\u0259 planet miqyas\u0131nda d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259l\u0259r yarad\u0131r. Bu hadis\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n birincisi “istilik” effektidir. Antropogen tullant\u0131lar\u0131n b\u0259zil\u0259ri (karbon qaz\u0131 CO2, metan \u2013 CH4, azot oksidi \u2013 NO2 v\u0259 s.) Yerd\u0259n atmosfer\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xan istilik \u015f\u00fcalanmas\u0131n\u0131 udaraq fazaya s\u0259pilm\u0259sin\u0259 mane olur. Bu is\u0259 yer s\u0259thind\u0259 temperaturun qalxmas\u0131na g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r. Proqnozlar g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, atmosferd\u0259 CO2 qaz\u0131n\u0131n qat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 2 d\u0259f\u0259 artmas\u0131 Yer onun s\u0259thind\u0259 temperaturun 1,5\u201330 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259 artmas\u0131na g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xara bil\u0259r. Qeyd ed\u0259k ki, haz\u0131rda atmosferd\u0259 bir milyon hava molekullar\u0131ndan 330-u CO2 – molekullar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. H\u0259r il biosfer\u0259 30 milyard tondan art\u0131q CO2 qaz\u0131 daxil olur. Bu temperatur art\u0131m\u0131 yerin q\u00fctbl\u0259rind\u0259 buzlar\u0131n \u0259rim\u0259sin\u0259, yerin quru hiss\u0259sinin azalmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b ola bil\u0259r. Yer atmosferind\u0259n CO2 qaz\u0131n\u0131n tam yox olmas\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 is\u0259 Yer \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 temperatur -19\u00b0C t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259rdi. G\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi atmosfer havas\u0131n\u0131n mikrokomponentl\u0259ri Yer \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 istilik balans\u0131n\u0131n yaranmas\u0131nda m\u00fch\u00fcm rol oynay\u0131r. Beyn\u0259lxalq sazi\u015f\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 s\u0259naye \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri atmosfer\u0259 CO2 qaz\u0131n\u0131n tullant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 2025 il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r 20% azaltmal\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Qlobal problem kimi bax\u0131lan ikinci hadis\u0259 “ozon” problemidir. Atmosferd\u0259 “ozon” Yer \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259ki b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar\u0131 kosmosdan g\u0259l\u0259n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ultrab\u0259n\u00f6v\u015f\u0259yi \u015f\u00fcalardan qoruyur. Lakin son zamanlar atmosferin stratosfer t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259sind\u0259 ozonun qat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u0131ra zonalarda son d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259 azalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Buna bir ne\u00e7\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b g\u00f6st\u0259rilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u018fsas s\u0259b\u0259b kimi yerd\u0259n stratosfer\u0259 qalxan b\u0259zi tullant\u0131lar\u0131n (azot oksidl\u0259rinin, xlorlu-fl\u00fcorlu birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259ri olan freonlar\u0131n) z\u0259ncirvari kimy\u0259vi prosesl\u0259rd\u0259 ozonu yox etm\u0259si bax\u0131l\u0131r. Ozonun stratosferd\u0259 yox olmas\u0131 z\u0259r\u0259rli Ozon zaman\u0131 hald\u0131rsa, onun qat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n atmosferin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 hiss\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 artmas\u0131 is\u0259, \u0259ksin\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ziyanl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ri s\u0259naye \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rinin atmosferind\u0259 qat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bel\u0259likl\u0259, antropogen v\u0259 texnogen t\u0259sirl\u0259r alt\u0131nda 20 ild\u0259n art\u0131q bir m\u00fcdd\u0259td\u0259 ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n arams\u0131z nazikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si qlobal miqyasda t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 m\u0259nb\u0259yin\u0259 \u00e7evrilmi\u015fdir. Ozon t\u0259rkibind\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7 \u0259d\u0259d oksigen atomu olan qazd\u0131r. O, ilk d\u0259f\u0259 1839-cu ild\u0259 K.F.\u015eonbeyn t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n elektrik bo\u015falmalar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259si zaman\u0131 k\u0259\u015ff edilmi\u015fdir. Lakin ozonun atmosferin bir hiss\u0259sind\u0259 oldu\u011fu fakt\u0131 yaln\u0131z 1850-ci ild\u0259n sonra m\u0259lum olmu\u015fdur. Ozon – yunan s\u00f6z\u00fc olub, m\u0259nas\u0131 “k\u0259skin iy” dem\u0259kdir. Ozon qat\u0131 insan\u0131 v\u0259 dig\u0259r canl\u0131lar\u0131 intensiv ultrab\u0259n\u00f6v\u015f\u0259yi \u015f\u00fcalanmadan qoruyur. Ozon \u0259sas\u0259n atmosferin troposfer v\u0259 stratosfer qatlar\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015fir. Troposferd\u0259 ozonun miqdar\u0131 \u00e7ox azd\u0131r. Onun \u0259sas k\u00fctl\u0259si stratosferd\u0259, yerd\u0259n 15-25 km m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fir. Ozon stabil qaz deyil v\u0259 hallogenl\u0259r, hidrogen, azot v\u0259 dig\u0259r karbohidrogenl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ox h\u0259ssasd\u0131r ki, bunlar da onun da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ozonun atmosferd\u0259 miqdar\u0131, oksigen\u0259 nisb\u0259t\u0259n \u00e7ox azd\u0131r. Bel\u0259 ki, h\u0259r 10 milyon hava molekuluna 2 milyon oksigen v\u0259 c\u0259mi 3 molekulu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. \u018fg\u0259r atmosferd\u0259 olan ozonu Yer s\u0259thin\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r yaymaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsayd\u0131, onda qal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 3 mm olan nazik t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259 al\u0131nard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Atmosferd\u0259 ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas s\u0259b\u0259bkar\u0131 xlor-fl\u00fcorlu karbohidrogenl\u0259r hesab olunur. T\u0259dqiqatlar g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, h\u0259r pay\u0131z vaxt\u0131 planetin c\u0259nub yar\u0131mk\u00fcr\u0259sind\u0259 Antarktida \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259ki ozon qat\u0131nda seyr\u0259kl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259r, y\u0259ni “de\u015fik\u201dl\u0259r \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lir. Antarktida \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259ki atmosfer q\u0131\u015fda Yer k\u00fcr\u0259sind\u0259n q\u00fctb burul\u011fan\u0131 adlanan k\u00fcl\u0259yin t\u0259bii b\u00f6hran\u0131 il\u0259 t\u0259crid olunur. Q\u0131\u015f vaxt\u0131 soyuq v\u0259 qaranl\u0131q hava \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 atmosferd\u0259 q\u00fctb stratosfer dumanlar\u0131 \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lir. Bu zaman t\u0259sirsiz xlor g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f i\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda h\u0259min buludlar\u0131n s\u0259thind\u0259 ozonla kimy\u0259vi reaksiyaya gir\u0259r\u0259k ozon qat\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lamayan madd\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7evrilir. Bunun n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 d\u0259 h\u0259r bahar g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f g\u00fccl\u0259nir. Antarktida stratosferinin yet\u0259rinc\u0259 q\u0131zd\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 bel\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 onu qalan d\u00fcnyadan t\u0259crid ed\u0259n q\u00fctb stratosfer buludlar\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131td\u0131\u011f\u0131 vaxt “de\u015fik” yenid\u0259n yox olur. \u018fn geni\u015f “de\u015fikl\u0259r” son ill\u0259r m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunur. Nazikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 \u0259n \u00e7ox 15-30 km Ozonun h\u00fcnd\u00fcrl\u00fckl\u0259rd\u0259 ba\u015f verir ki, burada konsentrasiyas\u0131 y\u00fcks\u0259k olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n miqdar\u0131 Dobson vahidi il\u0259 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Oturaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sah\u0259si 1 sm2<\/sup> olan vertikal s\u00fctunda normal t\u0259zyiq v\u0259 temperaturda olan ozonun miqdar\u0131 Dobson vahidi adlan\u0131r. Yer k\u00fcr\u0259sind\u0259 ozonun orta miqdar\u0131 t\u0259xmin\u0259n 300 Dobson vahididir. M\u00fcxt\u0259lif co\u011frafi sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 onun qiym\u0259ti 230-500 Dobson vahidi aras\u0131nda d\u0259yi\u015fir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n k\u0259skin nazikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259si ilk d\u0259f\u0259 Antarktida \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunmu\u015fdur. M\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilmi\u015fdir ki, onun miqdar\u0131 burada yaz aylar\u0131nda d\u0259h\u015f\u0259tli sur\u0259td\u0259 azal\u0131r. Bu vaxt \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n ozon d\u0259liyinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc h\u0259tta AB\u015e-\u0131n \u0259razisind\u0259n d\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fckd\u00fcr. Ultrab\u0259n\u00f6v\u015f\u0259yi \u015f\u00fcalanmadan m\u00fchafiz\u0259 qat\u0131n\u0131n nazikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131 orqanizml\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u0259hvedici ola bil\u0259r. V\u0259ziyy\u0259tin ciddiliyi onunla d\u0259rinl\u0259\u015fir ki, ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n bir faiz nazikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si, biz\u0259 t\u0259sir ed\u0259n ultrab\u0259n\u00f6v\u015f\u0259yi \u015f\u00fcalanman\u0131n iki faiz artmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n nazikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si say\u0259sind\u0259 ultrab\u0259n\u00f6v\u015f\u0259yi \u015f\u00fcalanman\u0131n artmas\u0131 bitkil\u0259r\u0259, d\u0259nizin flora v\u0259 faunas\u0131na ciddi t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Buzlaqlar\u0131n \u0259rim\u0259si s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259nir. Son 100 ild\u0259 okean\u0131n s\u0259viyy\u0259si 10-15 sm artm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Proqnozlar g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, \u0259g\u0259r Yer k\u00fcr\u0259sind\u0259 olan buzlaqlar tam \u0259ris\u0259, o zaman okean sular\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259viyy\u0259si 60 metr qalxar, bunun is\u0259 n\u0259 dem\u0259k oldu\u011funu t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr etm\u0259k o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 \u00e7\u0259tin deyil. Buzlaqlardan ayr\u0131lan aysberql\u0259r okeanda \u00fcz\u0259n g\u0259mil\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 m\u0259nb\u0259yin\u0259 \u00e7evrilirl\u0259r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n sivil su ehtiyat\u0131n\u0131n 70%-nin Antarktida materikind\u0259 olmas\u0131 v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti daha da m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259bl\u0259\u015fdirir v\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li edir. Bel\u0259 ki, materikin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n yerl\u0259rind\u0259 intensiv buz \u0259rim\u0259l\u0259ri davam edir. Buz \u0259rim\u0259l\u0259ri Antarktidada 8 min il \u0259vv\u0259l ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bu t\u0259bii prosesi ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n nazikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si daha da intensivl\u0259\u015fdirmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1974-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Pol Kratsen uzun zaman xlorfl\u00fcorlu karbohidrogenl\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259 edildikd\u0259 ozonun potensial t\u00fck\u0259nm\u0259sinin model analizl\u0259rin\u0259 aid t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ap etdirir. Analitik t\u0259hlil bu birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 40 km h\u00fcnd\u00fcrl\u00fckd\u0259 ozonun qat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 1974-c\u00fc ilin s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259n 40% azalmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Freonlar kimya sah\u0259sind\u0259 v\u0259 m\u0259i\u015f\u0259td\u0259 soyuducularda, kondisionerl\u0259rd\u0259, aerozol qabla\u015fd\u0131rmalarda geni\u015f t\u0259tbiq edilir. Onlar \u00f6zl\u00fcy\u00fcnd\u0259 toksiki deyill\u0259r, lakin \u00e7ox davaml\u0131d\u0131rlar v\u0259 tez-gec havan\u0131n turbulent h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259ti n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 stratosfer\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrl\u0259r. Orada, ozonun miqdar\u0131n\u0131n maksimum oldu\u011fu 20-25 km h\u00fcnd\u00fcrl\u00fckd\u0259 freonlar g\u00fcn\u0259\u015fin ultrab\u0259n\u00f6v\u015f\u0259yi \u015f\u00fcalanmas\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259sirind\u0259n par\u00e7alanaraq s\u0259rb\u0259st xlor \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tirir. Sonuncu is\u0259 ozonun t\u0259bii da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 prosesini s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259ndirir. Bel\u0259 hallarda \u00e7ox vaxt deyirl\u0259r: Bir xlor molekulu 10 min ozon molekulunu m\u0259hv etm\u0259y\u0259 b\u0259s edir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n XX \u0259srin 70-ci ill\u0259rind\u0259 freonlar\u0131n d\u00fcnya \u00fczr\u0259 istehsal\u0131n\u0131 onlar\u0131n atmosfer\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259 h\u0259cmini hesablayan m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisl\u0259r bel\u0259 q\u0259rara g\u0259lmi\u015fl\u0259r ki, \u0259g\u0259r onun istehsal s\u00fcr\u0259ti azalmasa, onda ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcz\u0259lm\u0259si m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacaqd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259nin mahiyy\u0259tini d\u0259rk ed\u0259n bir s\u0131ra \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r \u2013 Norve\u00e7, \u0130sve\u00e7, Finlandiya, AB\u015e o zaman aerozol qabla\u015fd\u0131rmalarda freonlar\u0131n t\u0259tbiqini tamamil\u0259 dayand\u0131r\u0131rlar. Ozon problemi qlobal problemdir. O, k\u0259skin istil\u0259\u015fm\u0259, quraql\u0131q, biosfer\u0259 t\u0259sir, iqlimin d\u0259yi\u015film\u0259si kimi t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259rin \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259si il\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fayi\u0259t olunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bunun n\u0259tic\u0259sidir ki, son \u0259srd\u0259 Yer k\u00fcr\u0259sind\u0259 orta illik temperatur 0,3-0,6\u00b0C artm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Qlobal istil\u0259\u015fm\u0259 yerin atmosferind\u0259 karbon qaz\u0131, azot oksidi v\u0259 metanin miqdar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lir. Son \u0259srd\u0259 karbon qaz\u0131n\u0131n miqdar\u0131 xeyli artm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bu qazlardan ibar\u0259t t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259 isti havan\u0131n stratosfer\u0259 \u00e7atmas\u0131na mane olur v\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 stratosfer soyuyur; dem\u0259li, ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n nazikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si davam edir. Bel\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 yerin atmosferind\u0259 havan\u0131n temperaturu artma\u011fa ba\u015flay\u0131r. Me\u015f\u0259l\u0259r m\u0259hv olur, s\u0259hrala\u015fma s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259nir, quraql\u0131q yaran\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar is\u0259 canl\u0131 al\u0259m\u0259 ciddi t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Ultrab\u0259n\u00f6v\u015f\u0259yi radiasiyan\u0131n artmas\u0131 bioresurslar\u0131n azalmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olur. Yer s\u0259thin\u0259 \u00e7atan \u015f\u00fca miqdar\u0131n\u0131n ist\u0259nil\u0259n intensivlikd\u0259 artmas\u0131, yerin h\u0259yat strukturlar\u0131na v\u0259 onlar\u0131n \u0259traf m\u00fchitin\u0259 \u00e7ox ciddi z\u0259r\u0259r vurmaqla potensial t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 m\u0259nb\u0259yi yarad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Statistik m\u0259lumatlar g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, insan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fck\u0259nm\u0259sinin \u0259n a\u011f\u0131r n\u0259tic\u0259si \u2013 d\u0259ri x\u0259r\u00e7\u0259ngi v\u0259 b\u0259dxass\u0259li melanoma x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259ri, g\u00f6z\u00fcn kataraktas\u0131 v\u0259 g\u00f6z b\u00fcllurcuqlar\u0131n\u0131n deformasiyas\u0131d\u0131r. Son 20 ild\u0259 m\u0259hz ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n nazikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sinin n\u0259tic\u0259si olaraq 30-dan \u00e7ox t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259r \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lmi\u015fdir. \u018ftraf M\u00fchitin M\u00fchafiz\u0259 Agentliyi hesab edir ki, \u0259g\u0259r XFK-nin istifad\u0259sin\u0259 n\u0259zar\u0259t olunmasa, \u0259n yax\u0131n vaxtlarda katarakta daha 18 milyon n\u0259f\u0259r\u0259 yay\u0131la bil\u0259r. Burada \u0259n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li hal odur ki, ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n nazikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sini s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259ndir\u0259n \u0259sas madd\u0259l\u0259r m\u0259hz uzun\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc kimy\u0259vi madd\u0259l\u0259rdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n BMT-nin r\u0259smi m\u0259lumatlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n c\u0259mi 1% azalmas\u0131 d\u00fcnyada 100 min yeni katarakta hadis\u0259sinin v\u0259 10 min d\u0259ri x\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nginin yaranmas\u0131 il\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259nir. Bundan ba\u015fqa, ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 parnik effektinin g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259, bioresurslar\u0131n, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 su ekosisteml\u0259rinin depressiyas\u0131na, torpa\u011f\u0131n deformasiyas\u0131na, \u0259traf m\u00fchitin \u00fcmumi \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Qlobal probleml\u0259rd\u0259n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc havada radioaktiv izotoplar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 problemidir. Haz\u0131rda d\u00fcnyada enerji istehsal\u0131n\u0131n 10%-i atom elektrik stansiyalar\u0131nda al\u0131n\u0131r. Atom reaktorlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck qismi h\u0259rbi m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn in\u015fa edildiyind\u0259n onlar\u0131n ki\u00e7ik modifikasiya il\u0259 enerji istehsal\u0131nda istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259si h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 t\u00f6r\u0259dir. \u00c7ernobil q\u0259zas\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 Yer s\u0259thinin dem\u0259k olar ki, h\u0259r yerind\u0259 b\u0259zi radioaktiv izotoplar\u0131n qat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, C14 izotopunun) artmas\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Lokal probleml\u0259r 3 b\u00f6y\u00fck qrupu \u0259hat\u0259 edir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. “t\u00fcst\u00fc \u2013 duman toplant\u0131s\u0131 yaxud “smoke” ;<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. “tur\u015f” ya\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. “s\u0259hra” (quraql\u0131q) hadis\u0259si.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Birinci qrup probleml\u0259r atmosfer havas\u0131na at\u0131lan ilkin qazlar aras\u0131nda kimy\u0259vi reaksiyalar getm\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 daha m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b madd\u0259l\u0259rin yaranmas\u0131n\u0131 \u0259hat\u0259 edir. Bu reaksiyalar h\u0259m katalitik \u00fcsulla, h\u0259m d\u0259 G\u00fcn\u0259\u015f \u015f\u00fcalar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259siri il\u0259 (fotokimy\u0259vi) ba\u015f verir. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 eroksidl\u0259r adlanan \u00e7ox z\u0259h\u0259rli birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259r yaran\u0131r. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, azot-4 oksid qaz\u0131 fotokimy\u0259vi \u00fcsulla par\u00e7alan\u0131r v\u0259 kimy\u0259vi prosesl\u0259rin ba\u015flanmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olur. Karbohidrogen birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259r olduqda g\u00f6zya\u015fard\u0131c\u0131 madd\u0259 olan peroksiasetilnitrat \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lir, ozonun qat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Troposferd\u0259 ozon qat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 bitkil\u0259rd\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259n fotosintez prosesin\u0259 \u0259ks t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir, h\u0259tta polimer materiallar\u0131n xarab olmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olur. “Tur\u015f” ya\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar atmosferd\u0259n k\u00fck\u00fcrd qaz\u0131n\u0131n (SO2), azot oksidl\u0259rinin (NOx), xlorlu birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rin, karbon qaz\u0131n\u0131n (CO2) havadak\u0131 suda (r\u00fctub\u0259td\u0259) h\u0259ll olaraq tur\u015fulara \u00e7evrilm\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lir. Su m\u00fchitind\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn onun tur\u015fulu\u011fu (pH- g\u00f6st\u0259ricisi) 4,5-d\u0259n ki\u00e7ik olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u0259zi “tur\u015f” ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda bu g\u00f6st\u0259rici 1,7 \u2013 2,5 t\u0259rtibind\u0259 olur. “Tur\u015f” ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar memarl\u0131q abid\u0259l\u0259rinin s\u0259thi eroziyas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Lokal probleml\u0259r s\u0131ras\u0131na daxil olan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc hadis\u0259 “S\u0259hra\u201d (quraql\u0131q) hadis\u0259sidir. Bu hadis\u0259 silsil\u0259 da\u011flar aras\u0131nda d\u00fcz\u0259nlik zonalarda karbon qaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259siri il\u0259, qat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 Yer s\u0259thinin temperaturunun artmas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi atmosfer\u0259 at\u0131lan antropogen tullant\u0131lar b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fckd\u0259 ekoloji balans\u0131n pozulmas\u0131nda m\u00fch\u00fcm rol oynay\u0131r. Son ill\u0259rd\u0259 karbon qaz\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 stratosfer ozonunu m\u0259hv ed\u0259n freonlar\u0131n miqdar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn beyn\u0259lxalq miqyasda q\u0259rarlar q\u0259bul edilmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. <\/strong>Havan\u0131n \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si insan, heyvan v\u0259 bitki orqanizml\u0259rin\u0259 z\u0259r\u0259rli t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259r\u0259k xalq t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131na b\u00f6y\u00fck ziyan g\u0259tirir, biosferd\u0259 d\u0259rin d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r t\u00f6r\u0259dir. \u00c7irkl\u0259nmi\u015f havan\u0131n insanlara t\u0259siri h\u0259m birba\u015fa, h\u0259m d\u0259 dolay\u0131 yolla ba\u015f verir. \u00c7irkl\u0259nmi\u015f havan\u0131n canl\u0131lara birba\u015fa t\u0259siri zaman\u0131 \u00e7irkl\u0259ndiricil\u0259r qaz v\u0259 ya toz hal\u0131nda t\u0259n\u0259ff\u00fcs zaman\u0131 hava il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 orqanizm\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr v\u0259 ona birba\u015fa t\u0259sir ed\u0259r\u0259k m\u00fcxt\u0259lif n\u00f6vl\u00fc x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259r v\u0259 z\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olur. M\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li tozlarla (da\u011f suxurlar\u0131, torpaq, his, k\u00fcl hiss\u0259cikl\u0259ri) doydurulmu\u015f havan\u0131n insan orqanizmin\u0259 t\u0259siri d\u0259 birba\u015fa t\u0259sirl\u0259r\u0259 aiddir. H\u0259r il atmosfer\u0259 at\u0131lan tozlar\u0131n \u00fcmumi miqdar\u0131 2 mlrd tonla qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirilir ki, onun da 10-20 %-i antropogen m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li aerozollar\u0131n pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Tozlu hava il\u0259 uzunm\u00fcdd\u0259tli t\u0259n\u0259ff\u00fcs insanlarda heyvanlar\u0131nda tozlu pnevmoniya ad\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f x\u0259st\u0259lik \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tirir. Havan\u0131n \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si dolay\u0131 z\u0259r\u0259rli t\u0259sir d\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259 bil\u0259r. Havan\u0131n \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si su, torpaq v\u0259 bitkil\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00f6hk\u0259m anomaliyalar\u0131n \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259si il\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fay\u0259t olunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Havan\u0131n \u00e7irkl\u0259ndirilm\u0259si yeni bir problem deyil. Son iki y\u00fczillikd\u0259 bir \u00e7ox avropa \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin iri s\u0259naye m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259rind\u0259 hava \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259ri ciddi t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 t\u00f6r\u0259tm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Lakin uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t bu \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259r yerli xarakter da\u015f\u0131y\u0131rd\u0131. O zaman fabrik v\u0259 zavodlar az oldu\u011funa g\u00f6r\u0259 t\u00fcst\u00fc v\u0259 his atmosferin nisb\u0259t\u0259n m\u0259hdud hiss\u0259sini \u00e7irkl\u0259ndirirdi v\u0259 asanl\u0131qla t\u0259miz hava hiss\u0259si il\u0259 qar\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u0131laraq z\u0259ifl\u0259\u015fdirilirdi. XX \u0259srd\u0259 s\u0259naye n\u0259qliyyat\u0131n s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 inki\u015faf\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar olaraq atmosfer havas\u0131na o q\u0259d\u0259r \u00e7irkl\u0259ndiricil\u0259r at\u0131lma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131 ki, art\u0131q bu miqdar \u00e7irkl\u0259ndiricinin havada da\u011f\u0131d\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131. Bel\u0259likl\u0259 havada \u00e7irkl\u0259ndirici madd\u0259l\u0259rin qat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 artma\u011fa ba\u015flay\u0131r ki, bu da biosferin t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li v\u0259 lab\u00fcd \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si il\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259nir. Atmosfer havas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si s\u0259naye \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 v\u0259 onlara yax\u0131n sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 daha y\u00fcks\u0259kdir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Atmosferi \u00e7irkl\u0259ndir\u0259n m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131nda kimya s\u0259nayesi x\u00fcsusi yer tutur. Kimya s\u0259nayesi atmosfer\u0259 k\u00fck\u00fcrd 4 oksid (SO2), hidrogensulfid (H2S), azot oksidl\u0259ri (NO, NO2), karbohidrogenler (CxHy), hallogenl\u0259r (F2, Cl2) ve s. g\u00f6nd\u0259rir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rin s\u0131xl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimya s\u0259nayesi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7ox xarakterik x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tdir v\u0259 bu da \u0259traf m\u00fchitin \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259sini art\u0131r\u0131r. Atmosfer\u0259 at\u0131lan madd\u0259l\u0259r bir-birl\u0259ri il\u0259 kimy\u0259vi reaksiyaya gir\u0259r\u0259k y\u00fcks\u0259ktoksiki birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259r \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tir\u0259 bil\u0259r. Duman v\u0259 b\u0259zi dig\u0259r t\u0259bii hadis\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 birlikd\u0259 kimy\u0259vi madd\u0259l\u0259rin y\u00fcks\u0259k qat\u0131l\u0131\u011fa malik oldu\u011fu yerl\u0259rd\u0259 “fotokimy\u0259vi smoq” (t\u00fcst\u00fc, duman, n\u0259m v\u0259 kimy\u0259vi birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259r qar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131) meydana g\u0259lir. \u0130lb\u0259il avtomobil n\u0259qliyyat\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f qazlarla atmosfer havas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si artmaqda davam edir. \u0130\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f qazlarla havaya d\u0259m qaz\u0131, azot oksidl\u0259ri, karbohidrogenl\u0259r, qur\u011fu\u015fun v\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259ri daxil olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u0259qliyyat yollar\u0131n\u0131n yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f qazlar qat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcks\u0259k olmas\u0131 bitkil\u0259r\u0259 pis t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir, yarpaqlar\u0131n saralmas\u0131 v\u0259 erk\u0259n x\u0259zan\u0131n ba\u015f verm\u0259si v\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 d\u0259 onlar\u0131n m\u0259hv olmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olur. Atmosfer havas\u0131n\u0131n xlorftormetanlar v\u0259 ya freonlarla \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si ciddi f\u0259sadlar t\u00f6r\u0259dir. Atmosferin y\u00fcks\u0259k h\u00fcnd\u00fcrl\u00fckl\u0259rind\u0259, stratosferd\u0259 v\u0259 mezosferd\u0259 freonlar\u0131n meydana \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131 soyuducu qur\u011fularda, aerozol balonlar\u0131n\u0131n istehsal\u0131nda freonlardan geni\u015f istifad\u0259 olunmas\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259sidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b stratosferd\u0259 olan xlorfl\u00fcormetanlar\u0131n t\u0259siridir. Bu n\u0259tic\u0259y\u0259 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 1974-c\u00fc ild\u0259 amerika aliml\u0259ri \u015e.Roulend v\u0259 M.Molina g\u0259lmi\u015f v\u0259 buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 Nobel m\u00fckafat\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flar. Freonlar atmosferin yuxar\u0131 qatlar\u0131na qalxaraq orada olan ozon qat\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131d\u0131rlar. Freonlar y\u00fcks\u0259k stabilliy\u0259 malik olan birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rdir. Onlar atmosferin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 qat\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f \u015f\u00fcalar\u0131n\u0131n uzun dal\u011falar\u0131n\u0131 udmaq v\u0259 onlar\u0131n t\u0259sirin\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalmaq qabiliyy\u0259tin\u0259 malik deyill\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir atom xlor 100000 molekul ozonu (O3<\/sub>) da\u011f\u0131tmaq qabiliyy\u0259tin\u0259 malikdir. Ozonun azalmas\u0131 atmosferin parnik effektinin artmas\u0131na, torpa\u011f\u0131n m\u0259hsuldarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131na, \u00e7oxlu sayda faci\u0259li x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259rin ba\u015f verm\u0259sin\u0259, \u0259traf m\u00fchitin \u00fcmumi \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olur. 1985-ci ild\u0259 Venada ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fchafiz\u0259si haqqinda Konvensiya qebul olunmu\u015fdur. 1987-ci ild\u0259 is\u0259 Monrealda ozonda\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 madd\u0259l\u0259rin atmosfer\u0259 at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n azald\u0131lmas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda protokol imzalanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Ozon qat\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131na turboreaktiv t\u0259yyar\u0259l\u0259rin atmosf\u0259r\u0259 atd\u0131qlar\u0131 qazlar, raketl\u0259rin u\u00e7u\u015fu, atmosferd\u0259 apar\u0131lan m\u00fcxt\u0259lif eksperimentl\u0259r s\u0259b\u0259b olur. Yer atmosferin\u0259 h\u0259r il orta hesabla 400 mln tona q\u0259d\u0259r \u0259sas \u00e7irkl\u0259ndiricil\u0259r tullan\u0131r: k\u00fck\u00fcrd 4 oksid, azot oksidl\u0259ri, karbon 4 oksid v\u0259 b\u0259rk hiss\u0259cikl\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Havada k\u00fck\u00fcrd 4-oksidinin miqdar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 me\u015f\u0259 massivl\u0259rin\u0259 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir, z\u0259d\u0259l\u0259nmi\u015f me\u015f\u0259 sah\u0259l\u0259ri ilb\u0259il artmaqdad\u0131r. Havadak\u0131 n\u0259mliyin artmas\u0131 k\u00fck\u00fcrd tur\u015fusunun artmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olur. Atmosfer\u0259 at\u0131lan \u00e7irkl\u0259ndirici madd\u0259l\u0259rin hava il\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 t\u0259siri onlar\u0131n bir-birl\u0259ri il\u0259 t\u0259sirl\u0259rind\u0259n daha \u00e7oxdur. \u0130\u015f\u0131q t\u0259sirind\u0259n SO2<\/sub> molekullar\u0131 aktivl\u0259\u015f\u0259r\u0259k oksidl\u0259\u015fir. M\u00fcxt\u0259lif t\u0259dqiqatlar n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilmi\u015fdir ki, a\u011f ciy\u0259r, x\u0259r\u00e7\u0259ng, d\u0259ri v\u0259 dig\u0259r pataloji x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259r atmosfer havas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7irkl\u0259ndirilm\u0259si il\u0259 s\u0131x \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r. Havada k\u00fck\u00fcrd qazlar\u0131n\u0131n qat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 il\u0259 u\u015faq x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259rinin d\u0259 artmas\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunur. Atmosferd\u0259 olan \u00e7irkl\u0259ndirici madd\u0259l\u0259r bitki al\u0259min\u0259 d\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Ad\u0259t\u0259n bitkil\u0259r SO2-y\u0259 \u00e7ox h\u0259ssas olur. O, yarpaqlar\u0131n xlorofilini da\u011f\u0131daraq fotosintez prosesinin getm\u0259sini l\u0259ngidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130stehsalata xidm\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u0259naye vasit\u0259l\u0259rinin istifad\u0259 olunmas\u0131ndan as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq il \u0259rzind\u0259 havaya 1,2 mln-dan 2,1 mln tona q\u0259d\u0259r, h\u0259tta bir az da \u00e7ox miqdarda z\u0259r\u0259rli madd\u0259l\u0259r burax\u0131l\u0131r. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, respublikan\u0131n D\u00f6vl\u0259t Statistika \u0130dar\u0259sind\u0259 1991-ci ild\u0259 z\u0259r\u0259rli madd\u0259l\u0259rin \u00fcmumi miqdar\u0131 2,6 mln ton t\u0259\u015fkil etmi\u015fdir ki, bura 112 min ton b\u0259rk toz hiss\u0259cikl\u0259ri, 93 min ton k\u00fck\u00fcrd dioksid, 638 min ton karbon dioksid, 82 min ton azot oksidi, 1,665 min ton hidrokarbonat, 37 min ton d\u0259yi\u015fk\u0259n \u00fczvi madd\u0259l\u0259ri daxil etm\u0259k olar. Faktiki g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259r is\u0259 \u0259slind\u0259 daha y\u00fcks\u0259kdirl\u0259r. Atmosferi neft emal\u0131 zavodlar\u0131, neft – kimya s\u0259nayesi sah\u0259l\u0259ri, elektrostansiyalar, metallurgiya v\u0259 tikinti materiallar\u0131 s\u0259nayesi sah\u0259l\u0259ri tullant\u0131lar\u0131 il\u0259 \u00e7irkl\u0259nmi\u015f Bak\u0131 v\u0259 Sumqay\u0131t \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri atmosfer h\u0259cminin d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259sin\u0259 do\u011fru apar\u0131r. Havan\u0131n \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 h\u0259m\u00e7inin \u00f6z \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli t\u0259sirini yol n\u0259qliyyat\u0131 da g\u00f6st\u0259rir. G\u0259nc\u0259, Ming\u0259\u00e7evir, \u015eirvan, Sumqay\u0131t v\u0259 Bak\u0131 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 t\u0259k hava deyil h\u0259m\u00e7inin \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259 \u0259traf m\u00fchit \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259r Baki 66,1%, Sumqay\u0131t 4,5%, G\u0259nc\u0259 3%, Ming\u0259\u00e7evir 2,5%, \u015eirvan 5% t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259kl\u0259 respublikadak\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn tullant\u0131lar\u0131n 80%-ni \u0259hat\u0259 edir. 1990 v\u0259 1991-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 vahid sah\u0259y\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n tullant\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7\u0259kisi Bak\u0131da 400 t\/km\u00b2, Sumqay\u0131tda 1200 t\/km\u00b2, G\u0259nc\u0259d\u0259 550 t\/km\u00b2, \u015eirvanda 1000 tkm?, Ming\u0259\u00e7evird\u0259 480 t\/km\u00b2 oldu\u011fu halda Az\u0259rbaycan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn orta g\u00f6st\u0259rici 24 t\/km2<\/sup> idi ki, bu da \u00fcmumi SSR\u0130 \u00fczr\u0259 orta g\u00f6st\u0259ricid\u0259n 10 d\u0259f\u0259 \u00e7ox idi (2,3 t\/km2). SSR\u0130-nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 iqtisadi \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rin k\u0259silm\u0259si il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259r \u00f6z tam imkanlar\u0131na uy\u011fun i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259diyind\u0259n (35%) tullant\u0131lar\u0131n miqdar\u0131 nisb\u0259t\u0259n azalsa da, t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li komponentl\u0259r diapazonu \u00f6z s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259 qalmaqdad\u0131r (Bak\u0131 v\u0259 Sumqay\u0131tda 60-70 komponent). Bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 havan\u0131n \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si h\u0259dd\u0259n \u00e7ox i\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f avadanl\u0131q v\u0259 k\u00f6hn\u0259lmi\u015f prosesl\u0259rl\u0259, hans\u0131lar ki, art\u0131q 40-50 ildir ki t\u0259z\u0259l\u0259nmir, h\u0259m\u00e7inin Az\u0259rbaycanda rahat \u0259ld\u0259 edil\u0259n t\u0259bii qaz \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259 k\u00fck\u00fcrdl\u00fc neft yanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Atmosfer \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259rinin \u0259n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n biri d\u0259 avtomobil n\u0259qliyyat\u0131d\u0131r. Onlar y\u00fcz milyon tonlarla b\u0259rpa olunmayan neft m\u0259hsullar\u0131 ehtiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 yand\u0131r\u0131rlar. Avtomobill\u0259rin i\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f qazlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259rkibind\u0259 280 z\u0259r\u0259rli komponentl\u0259r vard\u0131r ki, onlardan da b\u0259zil\u0259ri kanserogen xass\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 malikdirl\u0259r. Avtomobil n\u0259qliyyat\u0131 \u0259traf m\u00fchiti \u00e7irkl\u0259ndir\u0259n \u0259sas m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. <\/strong>Radioaktiv madd\u0259l\u0259r bitki, heyvan v\u0259 insanlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn x\u00fcsusil\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li hesab olunur. Radioaktiv \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259rin m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259sas\u0259n texnogen m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li olur. Atom, hidrogen v\u0259 neytron bombalar\u0131n\u0131n eksperimental partlamalar\u0131nda, termon\u00fcv\u0259 silahlar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olan m\u00fcxt\u0259lif istehsal sah\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259, atom reaktorlar\u0131nda, elektrik stansiyalar\u0131nda, radioaktiv madd\u0259l\u0259r istifad\u0259 olunan m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259, radioaktiv tullant\u0131lar\u0131n z\u0259r\u0259rsizl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si stansiyalar\u0131nda, atom qur\u011fular\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259ri tullant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n saxlan\u0131lan anbarlar\u0131nda, n\u00fcv\u0259 yanacaqlar\u0131n\u0131n istehsal\u0131 v\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunmas\u0131 il\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olan m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 q\u0259za v\u0259 sizmalar zaman\u0131 radioaktiv \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259r m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 oluna bil\u0259r. Radioaktiv \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259rin t\u0259bii m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259sas\u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k t\u0259bii radioaktivliy\u0259 malik olan (qranitler, peqmatitler, qranodioritl\u0259r) uran filizl\u0259ri v\u0259 da\u011f s\u00fcxurlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar meydana g\u0259lir. N\u00fcv\u0259 silahlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131naqdan ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si, n\u00fcv\u0259 silahlar\u0131n\u0131n istifad\u0259 olundu\u011fu m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259ki q\u0259zalar v\u0259 s\u0131zmalar insanlar, heyvanlar v\u0259 bitkil\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 t\u00f6r\u0259dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Atmosferin radioaktiv \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si olduqca t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259lidir, bel\u0259 ki, radionuklidl\u0259r hava il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 orqanizm\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u0259r\u0259k insan\u0131n h\u0259yati \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli orqanlar\u0131n\u0131 z\u0259d\u0259l\u0259yir. Onun t\u0259siri t\u0259kc\u0259 haz\u0131rda ya\u015fayan n\u0259sill\u0259r\u0259 deyil, h\u0259m d\u0259 \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 mutasiyalar\u0131n meydana g\u0259lm\u0259si \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259n onlar\u0131n g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k n\u0259sill\u0259rin\u0259 d\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Bitki, heyvan v\u0259 insanlara t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259siz ola bil\u0259n el\u0259 bir ki\u00e7ik ionla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u015f\u00fcalanma dozas\u0131 m\u00f6vcud deyildir. H\u0259tta m\u00fclayim radioaktiv \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalan rayonlarda bel\u0259 leykozla x\u0259st\u0259l\u0259n\u0259n insanlar\u0131n say\u0131 art\u0131r. Hal-haz\u0131rda Rusiya Federasiyas\u0131 \u0259razisi \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 atmosfer havas\u0131n\u0131n radioaktiv \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si qlobal y\u00fcks\u0259k radiasiya fonu il\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilir. Bu da \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259r apar\u0131lan n\u00fcv\u0259 s\u0131naqlar\u0131, 1957-ci ild\u0259 “Mayak\u201d h\u0259rbi istehsal birliyind\u0259 v\u0259 1986-c\u0131 ild\u0259 \u00c7ernob\u0131l atom elektrik stansiyas\u0131nda ba\u015f ver\u0259n faci\u0259li q\u0259za il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. 1957-ci ild\u0259 “Mayak\u201d h\u0259rbi istehsal birliyind\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259n q\u0259za zaman\u0131 tullant\u0131lar\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fchafiz\u0259 olunmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn “axar\u0131 olmayan” g\u00f6l\u0259 radioaktiv tullant\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131zmas\u0131 ba\u015f vermi\u015fdir. 1957-ci ild\u0259 g\u00f6l\u00fcn radioaktivlik fonu 120 mln k\u00fcri olmu\u015fdur ki, bu da 1986-c\u0131 ild\u0259 \u00c7ernob\u0131l atom elektrik stansiyas\u0131nda ba\u015f ver\u0259n q\u0259za zaman\u0131 xarab olmu\u015f reaktor fonundan 24 d\u0259f\u0259 \u00e7ox idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Atmosferin \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si h\u0259m\u00e7inin k\u00fcl\u0259k vasit\u0259sil\u0259 radioaktiv tozlar\u0131n quraql\u0131qdan sonra qurumu\u015f g\u00f6l\u00fcn sahill\u0259rind\u0259n d\u0259rinliyin\u0259 apar\u0131lmas\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 d\u0259 ba\u015f vermi\u015fdir. M\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif n\u00f6vl\u00fc s\u0131zmalar v\u0259 n\u0259zar\u0259t olunmayan tullant\u0131lar radioloji m\u00fchiti qism\u0259n d\u0259yi\u015fdirir v\u0259 ad\u0259t\u0259n lokal (yerli) xarakter da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r. Atmosferin \u00e7ox \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si n\u00fcv\u0259 qur\u011fular\u0131n\u0131n partlamas\u0131 zaman\u0131 \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lir. Bu halda \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n izotoplar uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259tli radioaktiv par\u00e7alanma m\u0259nb\u0259yi olur. \u018fn t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li izotop stronsium \u2013 90 (yar\u0131mpar\u00e7alanma d\u00f6vr\u00fc 25 ildir) v\u0259 sezium – 137 (yar\u0131mpar\u00e7alanma d\u00f6vr\u00fc 33 ildir) hesab olunur. Radioaktiv madd\u0259l\u0259r ancaq hava yolu il\u0259 yay\u0131lm\u0131r. Radioaktiv elementl\u0259rin miqrasiyas\u0131nda qida z\u0259nciri b\u00f6y\u00fck rol oynay\u0131r: bu elementl\u0259r sudak\u0131 planktonlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n udulur, planktonlarla bal\u0131qlar qidalan\u0131r, bal\u0131qlarla da y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bal\u0131qlar, bal\u0131qyey\u0259n qu\u015flar v\u0259 v\u0259h\u015fi heyvanlar yeml\u0259nir. Radioaktiv \u015f\u00fcalanmalar insanlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7ox t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li olub, onlarda h\u00fcceyr\u0259nin genetik aparat\u0131n\u0131 z\u0259d\u0259l\u0259m\u0259kl\u0259 \u015f\u00fca x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259ri t\u00f6r\u0259dir. Bu da insanlarda b\u0259d xass\u0259li \u015fi\u015fl\u0259rin, irsi x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259rin meydana g\u0259lm\u0259sin\u0259 n\u0259slin eyb\u0259c\u0259rl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sin\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4.<\/strong> Atmosfer \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259rinin azald\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 tam l\u0259\u011fv edilm\u0259sinin esas yollar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259nl\u0259rdir: t\u0259mizl\u0259yici filtrl\u0259rin i\u015fl\u0259nib haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259tbiqi, ekoloji t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259siz enerji m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rinin t\u0259tbiqi, tullant\u0131s\u0131z istehsal texnologiyalar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259tbiqi, avtomobill\u0259rin i\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f qazlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259mizl\u0259nm\u0259mi\u015f atmosfer\u0259 at\u0131lmas\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 v\u0259 ya\u015f\u0131lla\u015fd\u0131rma i\u015fl\u0259rinin apar\u0131lmas\u0131. T\u0259mizl\u0259yici filtrl\u0259r atmosferin s\u0259naye \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259rin- d\u0259n m\u00fcbariz\u0259d\u0259 vasit\u0259dir. Atmosfer\u0259 at\u0131lan tullant\u0131lar\u0131n t\u0259mizl\u0259nm\u0259si onlar\u0131n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif filtrl\u0259r (mexaniki, elektrik, maqnitli, s\u0259sli v\u0259 s.), su v\u0259 kimy\u0259vi aktiv mayel\u0259rd\u0259n burax\u0131lmas\u0131 yolu il\u0259 apar\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n ham\u0131s\u0131 toz, buxar v\u0259 qazlar\u0131n udulmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnd\u00fcr. T\u0259mizl\u0259yici qur\u011fular\u0131n i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259 effektivliyi m\u00fcxt\u0259lifdir v\u0259 h\u0259m \u00e7irkl\u0259ndiricil\u0259rin fiziki-kimy\u0259vi xass\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n, h\u0259m d\u0259 t\u0259tbiq olunan aparat v\u0259 \u00fcsullar\u0131n t\u0259kmill\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Tullant\u0131lar\u0131n kobud t\u0259mizl\u0259nm\u0259si zaman\u0131 \u00e7irkl\u0259ndiricil\u0259rin 70-84%-i, orta t\u0259mizl\u0259nm\u0259 zaman\u0131 95-98%-i, z\u0259rif t\u0259mizl\u0259nm\u0259 zaman\u0131 \u2013 99%-d\u0259n \u0259sas \u00e7oxu k\u0259nar edilir. S\u0259naye tullant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259mizl\u0259nm\u0259si n\u0259inki atmosferi \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n qoruyur, h\u0259tta m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259 xammal v\u0259 g\u0259lir d\u0259 g\u0259tirir. Qaz tullant\u0131lar\u0131ndan k\u00fck\u00fcrd\u00fcn tutulmas\u0131 sanitar t\u0259mizliyi t\u0259min edir v\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259 olaraq \u00e7ox mintonlarla ucuz sulfat tur\u015fusunun al\u0131nmas\u0131na imkan yarad\u0131r. Atmosferin qorunmas\u0131 problemini ancaq t\u0259mizl\u0259m\u0259 qur\u011fular\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6m\u0259yil\u0259 h\u0259ll etm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyildir. Kompleks t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u0259si v\u0259 h\u0259r \u015feyd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l tullant\u0131s\u0131z texnologiyalar\u0131n t\u0259tbiq olunmas\u0131 vacibdir. D\u00f6vri tullant\u0131s\u0131z istehsal biosferd\u0259ki d\u00f6vri prosesl\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259 edil\u0259 bil\u0259r, bu g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 s\u0259nayed\u0259 \u0259traf m\u00fchitin t\u0259mizliyinin qorunub saxlanmas\u0131nda ideal bir vasit\u0259dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Atmosferin \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n qorunmas\u0131 \u00fcsullar\u0131ndan biri yeni ekoloji t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259siz enerji m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n istifad\u0259y\u0259 ke\u00e7ilm\u0259sidir. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, su elektrik stansiyalarinin tikilm\u0259si, helioqur\u011fular\u0131n (G\u00fcn\u0259\u015fqur\u011fusu) v\u0259 k\u00fcl\u0259k m\u00fch\u0259rrikl\u0259rind\u0259n istifad\u0259 olunmas\u0131. 1980-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 atom elektrik stansiyalar\u0131 perspektiv enerji m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n hesab olunurdu. \u00c7ernob\u0131l faci\u0259sind\u0259n sonra atom elektrik stansiyalar\u0131ndan daha geni\u015f istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259sin\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259fdar olanlar\u0131n say\u0131 xeyli azald\u0131. Bu q\u0259za g\u00f6st\u0259rdi ki, atom enerji m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259ri onlar\u0131n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik sisteml\u0259rin\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k diqq\u0259t t\u0259l\u0259b edir. Alternativ enerji m\u0259nb\u0259yi kimi qazdan istifad\u0259 oluna bil\u0259r. Havan\u0131n avtomobill\u0259rin tullant\u0131 qazlar\u0131ndan m\u00fchafiz\u0259 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sinin h\u0259lli yollar\u0131: filtrl\u0259r v\u0259 yand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 konstruksiyalar\u0131n (qurulu\u015flar\u0131n) qura\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131; avtomobil yanacaqlar\u0131na qat\u0131lan qur\u011fu\u015fun t\u0259rkibli a\u015fqarlar\u0131n daha t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizl\u0259ri il\u0259 \u0259v\u0259z olunmas\u0131; m\u00fch\u0259rrikin i\u015f rejiminin tez-tez d\u0259yi\u015fdirilm\u0259sini istisna ed\u0259n n\u0259qliyyat\u0131n h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tinin t\u0259\u015fkil olunmas\u0131 (yol a\u00e7malar, yol d\u00f6\u015f\u0259m\u0259sinin geni\u015fl\u0259ndirilm\u0259si, ke\u00e7idl\u0259rin tikilm\u0259si v\u0259 s.). Bu problem \u0259sas\u0259n daxili yanma m\u00fch\u0259rrikl\u0259rinin elektrik m\u00fch\u0259rrikl\u0259ri il\u0259 \u0259v\u0259z olunmas\u0131 yolu il\u0259 h\u0259ll oluna bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Avtomobill\u0259rin i\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f qazlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259rkibind\u0259 olan toksiki madd\u0259l\u0259rin azald\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn benzinin dig\u0259r yanacaq n\u00f6vl\u0259ril\u0259, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif spirtl\u0259rin qar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259v\u0259z olunmas\u0131 t\u0259klif olunur. Qaz balonlu avtomobill\u0259r perspektiv hesab olunur. \u015e\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin v\u0259 s\u0259naye m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259rinin ya\u015f\u0131lla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: ya\u015f\u0131l bitkil\u0259r fotosintezin k\u00f6m\u0259yi il\u0259 atmosferd\u0259 olan karbon qaz\u0131n\u0131 udaraq onu oksigenl\u0259 z\u0259nginl\u0259\u015fdirir. Park, ba\u011f\u00e7a v\u0259 ba\u011flar\u0131n havas\u0131nda toz hiss\u0259cikl\u0259rinin miqdar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131q k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 v\u0259 meydanlarda olan toz hiss\u0259cikl\u0259rind\u0259n on d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rc\u0259 az olur. Bir \u00e7ox a\u011faclar v\u0259 kolluqlar bakteriyalar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u0259 bil\u0259n fitonsidl\u0259r ay\u0131r\u0131rlar. Ya\u015f\u0131l bitkil\u0259r \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin mikroiqlimini \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259nziml\u0259yir, insanlar\u0131n sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131na b\u00f6y\u00fck z\u0259r\u0259r ver\u0259n \u015f\u0259h\u0259r s\u0259s-k\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc “s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr” (l\u0259\u011fv edir). Havan\u0131n t\u0259miz saxlan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015f\u0259h\u0259r plan\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti vard\u0131r. Fabrik v\u0259 zavodlar, n\u0259qliyyat magistrallar\u0131 ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f m\u0259h\u0259ll\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n ya\u015f\u0131l bitkil\u0259rd\u0259n ibar\u0259t olan bufer zonas\u0131 il\u0259 ayr\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131rlar. \u018fsas k\u00fcl\u0259k istiqam\u0259tl\u0259rini, yerin v\u0259 su tutarlar\u0131n\u0131n relyefini n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 almaqla ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f m\u0259h\u0259ll\u0259l\u0259rinin k\u00fcl\u0259k tutmayan uca yerl\u0259rd\u0259 sal\u0131nmas\u0131 vacibdir. S\u0259naye m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rinin ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f m\u0259h\u0259ll\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n uzaqda v\u0259 ya \u015f\u0259h\u0259r k\u0259narlar\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si daha yax\u015f\u0131 hesab olunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. <\/strong>Karbon qaz\u0131n\u0131n atmosferd\u0259 y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 istixana effektinin \u0259sas s\u0259b\u0259bidir. Bunun n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 Yer k\u00fcr\u0259si G\u00fcn\u0259\u015fin \u015f\u00fcalar\u0131 il\u0259 getdikc\u0259 istil\u0259nir. Bu qaz parnikin \u015f\u00fc\u015f\u0259si kimi g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f istiliyini Kosmosa geri buraxm\u0131r. Karbon qaz\u0131, havada t\u0259rkibi azalmadan art\u0131r, o m\u00fcxt\u0259lif zavodlar\u0131n v\u0259 s\u0259naye m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rinin yanma bloklar\u0131ndan, istilik elektrik stansiyalar\u0131ndan, avtomobil yanacaq sisteml\u0259rind\u0259n atmosfer\u0259 daxil olur. Bu proses\u0259 \u0259ks istiqam\u0259td\u0259 ged\u0259n proses d\u0259 m\u00f6vcuddur \u2013 bu fotosintez prosesidir. Bu prosesin n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 bitkil\u0259r havadan karbon qaz\u0131n\u0131 udur v\u0259 bel\u0259likl\u0259 \u00f6z biok\u00fctl\u0259l\u0259rini qurur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u0259\u0259ss\u00fcf ki, insan \u00f6z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u0259mi\u015f f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 bu xilasetm\u0259 prosesini me\u015f\u0259l\u0259ri q\u0131rmaqla m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r (son ill\u0259rd\u0259 bu c\u00fcr t\u0259sirl\u0259r\u0259 C\u0259nubi Amerikan\u0131n tropik me\u015f\u0259l\u0259ri m\u0259ruz qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r). Aliml\u0259rin qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirm\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 bir il\u0259 yer \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259 bitkil\u0259r atmosferd\u0259n 20-30 milyard ton karbonu karbon qaz\u0131 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 udur. S\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 inki\u015faf ed\u0259n tropik me\u015f\u0259nin kvadrat metri bir il\u0259 havadan 1-2 kq karbon qaz\u0131 udur, arktik tundran\u0131n is\u0259 kvadrat metri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu r\u0259q\u0259m y\u00fcz d\u0259f\u0259 azd\u0131r. Amma unutmaq laz\u0131m deyil ki, quruda yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n bitkil\u0259r Yer floras\u0131n\u0131n c\u00fczi hiss\u0259sidir. Yer s\u0259thinin \u0259sas hiss\u0259sini okeanlar t\u0259\u015fkil edir ki, onlar\u0131n da sular\u0131nda mikroskopik yosunlar m\u00f6vcuddur. Bir il\u0259 bu yosunlar atmosferd\u0259n 40 milyard ton karbon qaz\u0131 udur. Pozulmu\u015f me\u015f\u0259l\u0259ri b\u0259rpa etm\u0259k bir q\u0259d\u0259r gec m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fundan, okean planktonunun \u00e7oxald\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 stimulla\u015fd\u0131rmaq daha m\u0259qs\u0259d\u0259 uy\u011fun olard\u0131. Bu fikri amerikal\u0131 okeanoloq Con Martin ir\u0259li s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. Onun m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259l\u0259ri g\u00f6st\u0259rib ki, Antarktida sular\u0131nda bitki planktonu olduqca z\u0259ifdir. Burada qida madd\u0259l\u0259ri kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259rdir (\u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259 \u0259traf\u0131ndak\u0131 sularda olandan \u00e7oxdur), suyun temperaturu da uy\u011fundur, lakin bitki planktonu \u00e7oxalm\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ming\u0259\u00e7evir D\u00f6vl\u0259t Universitetinin<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Fizika v\u0259 ekologiya kafedras\u0131n\u0131n<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n m\u00fc\u0259llimi \u015e\u0259bn\u0259m \u0130slamova<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ming\u0259\u00e7evir D\u00f6vl\u0259t Universitetinin Fizika v\u0259 ekologiya kafedras\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259limi \u015e\u0259bn\u0259m \u0130slamova \u201cPlanetimizin \u00e7\u0259tiri \u2013 Ozon t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259si\u201d adl\u0131 m\u0259ruz\u0259sini t\u0259qdim edirik. \u00a0\u201cYa\u015f\u0131l d\u00fcnya namin\u0259 h\u0259mr\u0259ylik ili\u201d \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f m\u0259ruz\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da qeyd olunan m\u00f6vzular\u0131 \u0259hat\u0259 edir: 1. Elmi-texniki t\u0259r\u0259qqinin Yer planetin\u0259 b\u0259x\u015f etdiyi “t\u00f6vh\u0259”l\u0259rd\u0259n biri d\u0259 atmosfer havas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259si problemidir. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunan havan\u0131n keyfiyy\u0259tinin insan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":61418,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[87,152],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61416","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fizika-xbrlr","category-yasil-dunya-namin-hmrylik-ili","entry","has-media"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mdu.edu.az\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61416","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mdu.edu.az\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mdu.edu.az\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mdu.edu.az\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mdu.edu.az\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61416"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mdu.edu.az\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":61417,"href":"https:\/\/mdu.edu.az\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61416\/revisions\/61417"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mdu.edu.az\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/61418"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mdu.edu.az\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mdu.edu.az\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61416"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mdu.edu.az\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}